What are the agroforestry patterns?

From the understanding of agroforestry, according to Dr. A. Ngaloken Ginting, Agroforestry patterns can be divided into:

1. Agrosilvopasture; form of land use by combining agricultural crops, forest / perennial crops and fodder plants associated with livestock raising.
2. Silvopasture; a form of land use by combining forest plants and livestock.
3. Agrosilvofishery; a form of land use by combining food crops, forest / annual plants and fisheries.
4. Silvofishery or forest ponds; a form of land use by combining forest plants and fisheries. An example that has been widely practiced in Indonesia is pond forests in mangrove areas.
5. Yard (Home garden); a traditional agroforestry system which is a harmonious blend of perennial crops and food plants around the houses of rural communities in general.
6. Mixed garden; a land planted with annual crops and food crops. After several years, only a small portion of the land could be planted with food crops due to the influence of the shade of the annual crops.
7. Talun (mixed tree garden); a traditional agroforestry system where the land has been cleared for several years and annual crops are dominant, etc.

What are the variations in the elements in agroforestry?

The variation of the elements in the agroforestry can be more or less simplified, as follows .:

• combination of perennials (long term: trees) with seasonal crops (short term agriculture)
• combination of main crops (food sources, economic commodities) with by-crops
• mix of crops with supporting crops (for example coffee or cocoa, with shade trees)
• mix of plants with different seasons or harvesting ages: field rice, cucumber, coffee, damar matakucing, durian.
• a combination of tree management with fisheries (ponds, balong, embung), also known as silvofishery
• combination with livestock raising (silvopasture) or beekeeping: forests as a producer of animal feed or bees, such as in Sumbawa, Indonesia.

Can you give examples of agroforestry application?

Actually the agroforestry pattern has been widely applied in dry land management in Indonesian society.

For example in West Kalimantan it is called Tembawang, Lembo in East Kalimantan and damar mata Kucing in West Lampung. Even by Ir. A.P.Y Djogo in a paper entitled "Agroforestry Systems in the Highlands / Dry Land" makes a table of agricultural land from various regions in Indonesia as follows (presented in the following plengdut.com table);

Several Agroforestry Models from various Regions in Indonesia

No	Old model	Area	Agroforestry concept
1	Shifting cultivation	All regions	Agrisilviculture
2	Feeding system with trees and shrubs	All regions	Agrosilvopastoral
3	Intercropping	All regions	Agrosilviculture
4	Yard	All regions	Agrosilviculture
5	Coffee and Tephrosia candida	South Sulawesi, Flores	Agrosilviculture
6	Exploitation of forest plants	Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi	Agrosilviculture
7	Sweet potatoes under the Sago tree	Irian	Agrosilviculture
8	Forest above rice fields	Sulawesi	Agrosilviculture
9	Mixed garden	Almost all regions	Agrosilviculture
10	Turi on the paddy fields	Bali, NTB, NTT	Agrosilviculture
11	Talun Garden	West Java	Agrosilviculture
12	Mamar	Timor, Rote, Sabu	Agrosilviculture
13	Fruit orchard	Bali, East Java	Agrosilviculture
14	Coffee garden with dadap	All regions	Agrosilviculture
15	Coffee plantation with Albizia	All regions	Agrosilviculture
16	(Paraserianthes) as a shade tree	All regions	Agrosilviculture
17	Integration of timber in the garden	Flores	, Agrosilviculture
18	Ongeng, Kopo	Flores and many other areas in Indonesia	Agrosilviculture
19	Vanilla with gamal	Flores, Timor, Sumba	Agrosilviculture
20	The lamtoro array	Timor	Silvopastoral
21	Lamtoro forest for food	Flores, Timor	Agrosilviculture
22	Another legume crop	Bali	Silvopastoral
23	Three level system	Flores, Timor	Agrosilviculture
24	Family forest	Timor	Agrosilviculture
25	Spruce and Food Plants	NTB, Kalimantan, Irian	Agrosilviculture

So in the context of sustainable agricultural development on upland dry land which tends to be sloping / sloping, the application of the Wana-farming pattern can be used as an alternative for sustainable farmer groups on marginal lands. What needs to be considered in the application of wana tani include:

• The ability of farmers to understand farming patterns
• Technical skills in selecting plants to be integrated so that it is mutually beneficial.
• Must be based on the principle of preserving soil and water.
• Paying attention to socio-economic factors (concerning the marketing of products).
• Taking into account the local ecosystem as well as existing local potential (vegetation, soil, climate etc.)
• Easy to apply at low cost