Dutch teak (Guazuma ulmifolia)
 |
Classification of plants
|
The origin of Dutch teak / Guazuma ulmifolia
This plant comes from America and thrives in tropical areas. This plant also grows wild in other tropical areas such as Indonesia, especially on the islands of Java and Madura. This tree-type plant has a trunk height of 10-22 meters. The texture of the stems is hard, round, rough, many grooves, woody, branched, whitish green color. Dutch teak grows a lot in forests. This plant has a single leaf ovate, rough surface, serrated edge, and pointed tip. In addition, Dutch teak leaves have a grooved base, pinnate, 10-16 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, and green in color. The flowers are single, round at the armpits of the leaves, and yellow with red or light green spots. Dutch teak has fruit that is box-shaped, round, hard with a prickly surface, bears five, and is black. The seeds are small, hard, ± 2 mm in diameter, brownish yellow, slimy, and taste a little sweet. This plant is covered by hair shaped like a star and has a taproot. Dutch teak skin contains fat, glucose, and mucus (Indonesian Herbal Plants, 2007).What are the requirements for growing Dutch teak?
Dutch teak is a type of medicinal plant in the Sterculiaceae family that thrives at an altitude of 1-800 m above sea level. This plant is able to grow well on loose or loamy soils in open places (Syahid et al, 2010).How to Cultivate and prepare Dutch teak land?
The land for planting Dutch teak should be processed first. Land or soil is cultivated 30-40 cm deep until it is loose. If the planting plan is intended only as a complement to the garden, then land cultivation will only be carried out in the area or place to be planted. The best processing time is at the end of the rainy season. However, in places with adequate water sources, processing can be carried out at any time or season (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005). After the land is cultivated, the next activity is making planting holes. The planting hole is made with a size of 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm. For Dutch teak plants 5 m x 4 m. Each planting hole is filled with 1-3 kg of organic fertilizer (manure, compost), depending on the fertility of the soil. In addition to manure, phosphate fertilizers can be used as much as 100 grams / planting hole, dolomite 100 grams / planting hole, and Furadan as much as 10 grams / planting hole (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005).The use of the composition of the growing media has an effect on the vegetative growth of Dutch teak. The composition of soil media plus 1: 1 (v / v) cow manure in general provides better vegetative growth. This is indicated by plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, wet weight and plant dry weight which are higher than the treatment of soil media alone (Muriati, 2005).
How do you prepare Dutch teak seeds?
Basically, Dutch teak seeds can be obtained directly from nature by harvesting the ripe ones. However, to make it easier for farmers to breed their plants, seeds can be obtained directly from research centers or related forestry agencies or private seed growers. Generally, seeds obtained through agencies or seedlings have gone through a process of selection and special treatment so that they can be sown directly.The seedlings in the beds are generally intended for Dutch teak seeds. The nursery bed is expected to provide a good environment for Dutch teak seedlings or saplings. The bed is made in a rectangular shape with a size of 1 m x 3 m. Seeds are planted at a spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm. For large-scale nurseries, beds can be made of a longer size and more than one bed. During the nursery, the seeds should be fertilized with NPK 12: 24: 12. Fertilizer for young plants is generally given in liquid form by spraying it twice during the seeding period. Watering is done at least 2 times a day.
For Dutch teak, the seeds can be sown directly in the field. Basically, this kind of treatment eliminates the seeding stage. However, it should be understood that direct seeding in the field has a lower growth success rate compared to seeding in polybags or seedlings (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005).
How do you plant Dutch teak?
For seedlings in beds, it is necessary to move the seedlings or saplings from the nursery to the planting area carefully. To do this, you can pry the plants and their soil and roots. The tools used are kored or knife. The soil is removed at a distance of approximately 10 cm from the plant or a distance that will not damage the plant. After being removed, the seedlings are carefully pulled out, then transferred to the land or into the planting holes that have been prepared. After filling, around the base of the stems of the seeds are watered with enough water.Mulching straw or leaf litter around the stems of newly transplanted Dutch teak is highly recommended. The advantages of mulching include suppressing the growth of weeds, keeping soil moisture stable, reducing water evaporation in the soil, and becoming soil fertility organic matter. The method of mulching is to spread rice straw evenly on the soil surface under the plant canopy with a thickness of 3-5 cm.
If within 2-4 weeks there are plants that die, then embroidery is done immediately by pulling out and replacing them with new plants. The embroidery technique is the same as planting new seeds (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005).
Note: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different in the DMRT test at the 1% and 5% levels. - Source: Muriati, (2005)
Callus can be induced from two year old Dutch teak leaf explants from greenhouses in all applied treatments
Crumb callus produced the largest diameter, heaviest base weight and had the opportunity for high tannin content (Syahid et al., 2010). The combination of 2,4-D treatment 0,3 mg / l + Benzyl Adenine 0,1 mg / l is the best treatment that can produce a more crumbly callus structure, yellowish white color and the largest diameter is 28,7 mm with an indication of more tannins high. This treatment also resulted in a faster growth rate after the callus was sub-cultured onto the same medium (Syahid et al, 2010).
Streamlining drainage by loosening the soil around the plants is one technique to prevent disease attacks in plants. In this way, it means that plants can be prevented from attacking root rot disease due to fungi. Another prevention that can be done is monitoring plant growth regularly. Thus, if there is an attack by pests and diseases, it can be identified immediately and can be handled quickly (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005).
If within 2-4 weeks there are plants that die, then embroidery is done immediately by pulling out and replacing them with new plants. The embroidery technique is the same as planting new seeds (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005).
How do you care for Dutch teak plants?
Fertilization
The application of urea at a dose of 0.5 g / plant generally gave better vegetative growth (Table 9). This is indicated by the stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, wet weight and dry weight of plants which are higher than other fertilizer doses (Muriati, 2005).Table. Wet weight and dry weight of roots, stems and leaves of Dutch teak seedlings at 10 MSP
|
Media Treatment |
Wet Weight (g) |
Dry Weight (g) |
||||
|
Root |
Trunk |
Leaf |
Root |
Trunk |
Leaf |
|
|
Soil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soil + manure (1: 1) |
14.3b |
10.42b |
17.27b |
3.94b |
2.74b |
4.99b |
|
|
19.04a |
24.59a |
36.72a |
5.75a |
7.17a |
11.02a |
|
Urea (g / plant) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
14.50bc |
15.89b |
23.88bc |
4.46ab |
4.38bc |
7.12a |
|
0.5 |
18.86ab |
26.42a |
36.39a |
5.59a |
7.37a |
10.97a |
|
1 |
20.09a |
17.36b |
29.74ab |
5.74a |
5.35ab |
7.18a |
|
2 |
13.23c |
10.36b |
17.96c |
3.6b |
2.73c |
6.75a |
|
Interaction |
plant |
plant |
plant |
plant |
plant |
plant |
Note: the numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different in the DMRT test at the 1% and 5% levels. - Source: Muriati, (2005)
Callus can be induced from two year old Dutch teak leaf explants from greenhouses in all applied treatments
Table. Analysis of tannin levels in several in vitro callus treatments
|
Treatment (mg / l) |
Tannin content (%) |
|
2,4-D (0.1 + 0.3 + 0.5) |
4.27 |
|
2,4-D (0.1 + 0.3 + 0.5) + BA 0.1 |
4.75 |
|
2,4-D (0.1 + 0.3 + 0.5) + BA 0.3 |
3.72 |
|
Dutch teak leaves |
2.24 |
Crumb callus produced the largest diameter, heaviest base weight and had the opportunity for high tannin content (Syahid et al., 2010). The combination of 2,4-D treatment 0,3 mg / l + Benzyl Adenine 0,1 mg / l is the best treatment that can produce a more crumbly callus structure, yellowish white color and the largest diameter is 28,7 mm with an indication of more tannins high. This treatment also resulted in a faster growth rate after the callus was sub-cultured onto the same medium (Syahid et al, 2010).
Weeding
Weeding time can be done continuously according to the growing conditions of weeds in the Dutch teak garden. However, to save maintenance costs, weeding should be done in conjunction with fertilization and soil tilling activities (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005).Pests and Diseases
In general, pests and diseases that can attack Dutch teak are stem borer (the caterpillar of the Zeuzera coffeae beetle bores the stems and branches of plants), caterpillar pests (caterpillars from the Lecopholis Rorida beetle attack the roots of plants), leaf-eating caterpillars (Hyblae puera and Eutectona machaeralis pests. eating leaves until the plant is bare), damping off, bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas tectonae bacteria attack through injured roots), leaf rust (Olivea tectonae fungus by attacking the leaves) and upas (Corticium salmonicolor Berk.).Streamlining drainage by loosening the soil around the plants is one technique to prevent disease attacks in plants. In this way, it means that plants can be prevented from attacking root rot disease due to fungi. Another prevention that can be done is monitoring plant growth regularly. Thus, if there is an attack by pests and diseases, it can be identified immediately and can be handled quickly (Sulaksana and Jayusman, 2005).
How to Harvest and Post-Harvest Dutch teak plants?
For Dutch teak plants, harvesting can be done after reaching a height of 4 meters. Harvesting at that age is also intended so that plant growth is not disturbed when one part of it is harvested. The parts that can be harvested from the Dutch teak plant are the leaves, bark and seeds.Post-harvest treatment plays an important role from a commercial perspective because it will extend storage capacity and be free from pollution. Results that have been contaminated or contaminated with materials that are incompatible with the active ingredients present in plants can cause human health problems. To prevent pollution, it is necessary to carry out post-harvest handling efforts as follows:
- Harvesting is done in a short time
- It is necessary to wash and sort after harvest. Drying must reach a maximum moisture content of 10%.
- The storage area must be closed and dry. - Packaging and transportation must be good.